functional response in natural enemies is affected not only by host and natural enemy characteristics but also, the application of pesticide to pest population can affected the parameters of functional response as well as efficiency of natural enemy. in this research, the side effects of two pesticides, hexaflumuron and pymetrozin and also acaricide spirodiclofen and plant extracts, caiotropis ...

Plasma nitriding treatments are applied to achieve excellent surface properties on steel parts and tools. Active screen plasma (ASPN) does not have the defects presents in direct (DCPN). However, ASPN require much longer processing times develop layers as deep those of DCPN. This work development a biased treatment system, investigate possibility achieving greater efficiency. The were performed...