[1] The evolution of engine-generated chemiions in a vehicle tailpipe or in a sampling transfer line is studied and the key parameters controlling chemiion concentration at the exit plane are investigated. We find that the observed higher number concentration but smaller size of nuclei mode particles associated with shorter transfer line residence time, enhanced nanoparticle emission associated...

Road classification systems are the basis for defining function and, in turn, the design criteria for the world’s street networks. The traditional classification systems have been based on the mobility and access functions of roads for motor vehicle traffic. Other road users and road uses have been largely ignored in this important step of the road design process. This article describes alterna...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether pedestrian countdown signals (PCS) reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in the city of Toronto, Canada. METHODS A quasi-experimental study design was used to evaluate the effect of PCS on the number of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in the city of Toronto, from January 2000 to December 2009. Each intersection acted as its own control. We compared the ...

Transportation is the driving force of any country. Today we are facing an explosion in the number of motor vehicles that affects our daily routines. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) aim to provide efficient tools that solve traffic problems. Predicting route congestions during different day periods can help drivers choose better routes for their trips. In this paper we propose “HITS” a...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research is to describe the leading circumstances of military vehicle crashes to guide prioritization and implementation of crash avoidance and/or warning technologies. METHODS A descriptive study using narrative text analysis on 3,944 military vehicle crash narratives. Crash data on drivers, from 2001 to 2006, were assembled from the U.S. Army Combat Readines...

A case-control study of 1625 histologically confirmed cases of lung cancer and 3091 controls matched for sex, age, hospital admission, and interviewer was conducted in France between 1976 and 1980. The results presented concern the effects of different occupations on the occurrence of lung cancer among 1334 male cases and 2409 matched controls. Occupations were coded blindly according to the In...

OBJECTIVE The lack of race information for nonfatal motor vehicle crash injuries in the United States has limited the understanding of racial disparities in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). In this article, we describe a pilot surveillance project in Nebraska that linked crash reports and driver's license records to investigate racial disparity among nonfatal MVC injuries. METHODS The project li...

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of motor vehicle-bicycle crashes using 4 years of reported crash data (2004-2007) in Beijing. The interrelationship of irregular maneuvers, crash patterns and bicyclist injury severity are investigated by controlling for a variety of risk factors related to bicyclist demographics, roadway geometric design, road environment, etc. Results show that ...

Issue addressed Travel satisfaction has become an increasingly popular construct for the assessment and monitoring of transport systems and services. However, satisfaction may not adequately assess emotion or mood towards walking and cycling, especially when infrastructure is biased towards motor vehicle modes. In this exploratory study we sought to examine the associations of both satisfaction...

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the association between urban sprawl and traffic fatalities. METHODS We created a sprawl index by applying principal components analysis to data for 448 US counties in the largest 101 metropolitan areas. Regression analysis was used to determine associations between the index and traffic fatalities. RESULTS For every 1% increase in the index (i.e., more com...