This paper presents an overview on applications of HFS-FEM to functionally graded materials. Recent developments on the hybrid fundamental solution (HFS) based finite element model (FEM) of steady-state heat transfer, transient heat conduction, nonlinear heat transfer, and elastic problems of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are described. Formulations for all cases are derived by means of ...

Local thermal equilibrium is an often-used hypothesis when studying heat transfer in porous media. Examination of non-equilibrium phenomena shows that this hypothesis is usually not valid during rapid heating or cooling. The results from this theoretical study con®rm that local thermal equilibrium in a ̄uidized bed depends on the size of the layer, mean pore size, interstitial heat transfer coe...