It has been 50 years since Dr. William B. Kannel coined the term “factors of risk” in relation to cardiovascular disease (1). Since then, clinical risk assessment, including the use of circulating biomarkers, has become an integral part of medical practice. The current era of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is projected to lead to the discovery of an immense number of novel candidate bio...

Cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) is a frequent and life-threatening syndrome. It is a disorder of the heart and kidneys in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with CRS. Early detection of renal dysfunction is not possible using th...

Obesity and overweight are among the major health problems in the world today. The excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue is accompanied by low‐grade inflamma‐ tion, adipokine secretion dysregulation, oxidative stress, and an alteration of the secretion of gut hormones and food intake related to peptides. This is related to the development of cardiovascular diseases, which have been in...