Mainstream economic theory outlines four main causes of market failure and it is already well established that two of these (information failure and externalities) exist in a tobacco market. A third cause of market failure, market power, is also a serious problem in many tobacco markets. Market power--combined with unintended and often overlooked consequences of tobacco tax policies, notably th...

BACKGROUND The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control makes a number of recommendations aimed at restricting the marketing of tobacco products. Tobacco industry political activity has been identified as an obstacle to Parties' development and implementation of these provisions. This study systematically reviews the existing literature on tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing regulati...

Background: Marketing has for many years been working to reduce environmental concerns by relying on ethics and presenting new marketing ideas such as green marketing. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide a model of the green marketing process in the pharmaceutical industry. Method: This applied research was conducted with a mixed (quantitative - qualitative) approach. In the qualitat...

Santiago, Chile was subject to serious air quality problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result of increased industrial and transportation emissions. In an effort to improve air quality, the government implemented a number of policies including an emission trading program to reduce and cap emissions of particulate matter smaller than 10 microns (PM10) from stationary sources. The emis...

Trading systems are used widely in the financial industry. A trading system must implement the complex business process correctly, and provide good interoperability with clients and legacy systems in different organizations. In addition, it has to be highly scalable and reliable. How to develop a trading system that meets all these requirements with low cost is a challenging problem. In this pa...

Still today, trading card games make up a sizable part of the entertainment industry. However, their tired paper form is being rapidly taken over by digital equivalents. In this paper, we propose a way to reinvigorate interest in physical trading card games by making them more interactive through real-time 3D augmentation. While our ideal application would run on an AR headset such as the Holol...

Big Bang, the deregulation of the London Stock Exchange in October of 1986, was accompanied by changing industry structure, altered regulatory environment, and new trading practices. In particular, trading was automated, and the floor of the Exchange rapidly was abandoned. Such massive discontinuities have produced opportunities in other industries. Although they may prove temporary, opportunit...