The evaluation of public expenditures is a central concern of development economics-and a concern highlighted by the increasingly stringent budget constraints in both developing and developed countries. This task has also become increasingly difficult as governments have moved their focus away from providing private, tradable, goods towards public goods that are provided either without charge, ...

The major oil industry upstream activities include the exploration, drilling, extraction, pipelines installation, and production of crude oil. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to plan for these operations as a crude oil supply chain network design problem. The proposed multi-period mixed integer linear programming model entails both strategic (e.g., facility location and allocatio...

fennel is one of the oldest herbs and possesses appealing flavor and beneficial medicinal effects. fennel(foeniculum vulgare mill.) belongs to the apiaceae family and its essential oil and seeds are used to flavor foods including meats, ice cream, candy, baked goods and condiments. the increasing commercial value of fennel necessitates the need to develop elite ecotypes with high essential oil ...

Energy consumption has been essential to societies; because societies depend on the rising provisions of energy to meet their requirements for goods and services and endorse sustainable development. The major source of energy nowadays is oil; oil consumption is dependent on oil availability, production and price. Several Arab countries are considered as major suppliers of oil in the world; cons...

We examine the drivers of inequality change in Honduras between 1991-2007, trying to understand why inequality increased in Honduras until 2005, while it was falling in most other Latin American countries. Using annual household surveys, we document first rising inequality between 1991-2005, which is followed by falling inequality thereafter. Using an inequality decomposition technique, we show...

This paper examined the non-tradable share reform affects ownership structure and figure out how the mechanism relationship between two types of equity agency cost changes. In order to achieve the result, data from listed company is used to analyze the changes of relationship between ownership structure and equity agency cost after non-tradable share reform. The results of the research show non...

This article estimates price-cost margins for the Portuguese markets in a context of imperfect competition in the labour market. The database used includes virtually the universe of Portuguese fi rms for the period 2005-2009. The results strongly reject the hypothesis of perfect competition in both labour and product markets. Estimated price-cost margins are very heterogeneous across markets an...

A financial union is a group of countries, each with its own nontradable goods sector, which can freely exchange tradable goods and debt contracts. In this paper, we establish the effects of shocks in a stylized financial union with heterogeneous regions– a lender North and a borrower South– and constraints on borrowing. We derive positive and normative results. First, when the degree of hetero...

This paper describes an application of agent-based modeling to investigate the effect of a distance-based transaction cost on trade. Long-distance trade is rapidly increasing, but may ultimately be constrained by our ability to move material goods between sellers and buyers. Unlike information exchange, trade in material goods is dependent on the price of oil and vulnerable to future scarcities...