metals bioaccumulation in five organs of cirrhinus  mrigala , labeo  rohita and catla catla captured from three industrial and sewage polluted downstream sites (shahdera = b, sunder = c and balloki = d) were compared with a non-industrial upstream site (siphon = a) during high (post monsoon) and low (winter) flow seasons of river ravi. mean concentrations of metals were significantly higher in ...

cutaneous lesions in fishes due to viral, bacterial, parasitic, mechanical and chemical agents are very common, leading to severe infection and high mortality. the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of long term bath of zinc sulfate (15 and 23 ppm), healing of cutaneous lesions caused by surgical incision in carps. in this study, 210 carps were disinfected by 3% salt solution fo...

abstract the attrition of anterior teeth leads to the loss of efficient anterior guidance, which protects posterior teeth from wear during lateral excursions. this clinical report describes a 48-year-old man with diagonal tooth wear and posterior mandibular tooth loss. the clinical diagnosis was based on a complete oral examination, photos, functional analysis of lateral excursion movements, ge...

The tooth is an ectodermal organ that arises from a tooth germ under the regulation of reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Tooth morphogenesis occurs in the tooth-forming field as a result of reaction-diffusion waves of specific gene expression patterns. Here, we developed a novel mechanical ligation method for splitting tooth germs to artificially regulate the molecules that contro...

BACKGROUND Tooth replacement rate can be calculated in extinct animals by counting incremental lines of deposition in tooth dentin. Calculating this rate in several taxa allows for the study of the evolution of tooth replacement rate. Sauropod dinosaurs, the largest terrestrial animals that ever evolved, exhibited a diversity of tooth sizes and shapes, but little is known about their tooth repl...