All combustion processes produce primary and secondary submicrometric aerosol particles. Primary particles are produced directly by incomplete combustion, and secondary particles are formed from gas-phase precursors. When diffused into the atmosphere, each particle is subject to different mechanisms, such as nucleation, condensation, coagulation and surface reaction, by colliding with other par...

Objectives We examined the prevalence of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among middle-school students in Korea using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 2013. Methods The GYTS in Korea was conducted between July and August 2013 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data were collected using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire from a nationally rep...

BACKGROUND Over the last few years a decreasing trend in smoking has occurred not only in the general population but also during pregnancy. Several countries have implemented laws requiring all enclosed workplace and public places to be free of second hand smoke (SHS). In Spain, legislation to reduce SHS was implemented in 2005. The present study examines the possible effect of this legislation...

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been shown to be carcinogenic for humans and has emerged as an important public health problem in recent years. 3 In Southern European countries like Spain, this problem is especially relevant because of the high prevalence of smoking. Yet, unlike for active smoking, we have little objective data about the extent of ETS exposure in the general population. T...

BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has important public health implications. The results of the first European multi-centre study that measured ETS exposure in a range of public places (transport, educational settings, and leisure facilities such as bars and restaurants) are presented. METHOD Nicotine vapour phase was measured using ETS passive samplers containing a filt...

I t is rare that science owes a debt to law. To lawmakers, surely, such as those who regularly make generous appropriations to the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. But law, in the sense of the process and products of litigation? It’s hard to imagine. But this special supplement is deeply in debt to law in just that sense. The funding that supports the research ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oral pigmentation is a condition in which the color of oral mucosa such as gingival mucosa changes. Some exogenous and endogenous factors may lead to oral pigmentation. Secondhand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is indirect smoking of an active smoker’s exhalation that can lead to cardiovascular, respiratory system, and some...

INTRODUCTION The present study examined indoor air quality in a global sample of smoke-free and smoking-permitted Irish pubs. We hypothesized that levels of respirable suspended particles, an important marker of secondhand smoke, would be significantly lower in smoke-free Irish pubs than in pubs that allowed smoking. METHODS Indoor air quality was assessed in 128 Irish pubs in 15 countries be...

this study was initiated to assess the effectiveness of designating smoking rooms to control environmental tobacco smoke in nursing homes. of the 39 nursing homes located in toledo (a city in ohio, usa) included in the preliminary survey, 33 facilities (85%) allowed smoking, 14 facilities (36%) allowed indoor smoking, and 13 facilities (33%) provided a designated smoking area. three of these 13...

OBJECTIVE An analysis of airborne nicotine measurements collected in 49 low-income, multi-unit residences across the Greater Boston Area. METHODS Nicotine concentrations were determined using passive monitors placed in homes over a one-week sampling period and air exchange rates (AER) were sampled using the perfluorocarbon tracer technique. Residents were surveyed through a questionnaire abou...