We consider time-of-arrival (ToA) estimation of a first arrival-path for a device working in narrowband Internetof-Things (NB-IoT) systems. Due to a limited 180 KHz bandwidth used in NB-IoT, the time-domain auto-correlation function (ACF) of transmitted NB positioning reference signal (NPRS) has a wide main lobe. Without considering that, the performance of ToA estimation can be degraded for tw...

The accuracy of time of arrival (ToA) estimation using wide band signals is characterized. The Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for ToA estimation in multipath conditions is presented in terms of the Ricean K-factor, the ratio of direct to diffuse multipath components. The validity of the CRLB is demonstrated using thousands of measurements, where the K-factor is estimated in the spectral domain. ...

Abstnrer-Location finding for CDMA subscribers using an antenna army at the base station and deploying multiple base stations is studied in this paper. ' b o metbods are considered for radio location: measured time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-anival (AOA), and algorithms to estimate them are presented. The estimated TOA and AOA fmm different base stations are combined via data fusion to estim...

Large climate feedback uncertainties limit the accuracy in predicting the response of the Earth’s climate to the increase of CO2 concentration within the atmosphere. This study explores a potential to reduce uncertainties in climate sensitivity estimations using energy balance analysis, especially top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation imbalance. The time-scales studied generally cover from decade t...

Estimation of plant dry matter to management of rangelands fast as well as high accuracy is important for managers. Research aims to compare Plant Dry Matter Productivity (PDMP) values estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from satellite images BKA, KVA according to different levels of satellite image processing, for AL-Sweeda Badia (Syria), during the April, July o...

In single frequency network (SFN) positioning, base station (BS) identification is inevitable and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation is usually dominant especially for indoor scenarios. BS identification and NLOSmitigation are two challenging problems which have significant impact on the SFN positioning performance. In this paper, a mobile tracking scheme is proposed to deal with these challe...

Suggestions on international cooperation in climate policy beyond 2012 include substituting or complementing international environmental agreements (IEA) with technology oriented agreements (TOA). We look at the impact of TOA on environmental cooperation in the framework of coalition stability. Using a numerical model, we analyze the differences of several TOA and how they interact. We find tha...

This paper presents an assessment of the accuracy of cooperative localization of a wireless capsule endoscope(WCE) using radio frequency (RF) signals with particular emphasis on localization inside the small intestine. We derive the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for cooperative location estimators using the received signal strength(RSS) or the time of arrival (TOA) of the RF signal. Our derivat...

Low-complexity least-squares (LS) estimators based on time-of-arrival (TOA) or time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements have been developed to locate a target node with the help of anchors (nodes with known positions). They require to select a reference anchor in order to cancel nuisance parameters or relax stringent synchronization requirements. Thus, their localization performance relie...

A new distributed algorithm is described in this paper for localizing sensor network nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The algorithm shares a common three-phase structure: (1) determine node-beacon distances, (2) build a cost function for every sensor node, and (3) compute the coordinate of the node. The coordinates of the sensor nodes are computed using either the Davidson-Fletcher-Powe...