We examine the role of quality and waiting time in health insurance when there is ex post moral hazard. Quality and waiting time provide additional instruments to control demand and potentially can improve the trade-off between optimal risk bearing and optimal consumption of health care. We show that optimal quality is lower than it would be in the absence of ex post moral hazard. But it is nev...

BACKGROUND It is ethically controversial whether medical doctors are morally permitted to ration the care of their patients at the bedside. To explore whether general practitioners in fact do ration in this manner we conducted a study within primary care in the Danish public healthcare system. The purpose of the study was to measure the extent to which general practitioners (GPs) would be willi...

It is now widely accepted that biochemical reaction networks can perform computations. Examples are kinetic proof reading, gene regulation, or signalling networks. For many of these systems it was found that their computational performance is limited by a trade-off between the metabolic cost, the speed and the accuracy of the computation. In order to gain insight into the origins of these trade...

We outline a method to estimate the value of computation for a flexible algorithm using empirical data. To determine a reasonable trade-off between cost and value, we build an empirical model of the value obtained through computation, and apply this model to estimate the value of computation for quite different problems. In particular, we investigate this trade-off for the problem of constructi...

Balancing the project’s time, cost, and quality involves deciding on different implementation methods for each project activity. Time cost are minimized simultaneously, of final product or service is maximized. Indeed, use search to determine optimal execution activity requires evaluation review various performance criteria such as especially These measures, methods, reported recorded in inaccu...

INTRODUCTION The cost-utility of vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) devices for medically refractory epilepsy has yet to be estimated. METHODS Using a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of VNS, we estimate that six people require implantation in order for one person to experience a 50% reduction in seizure frequency. Costs averted from improved epilepsy control were ascertained from publ...

Application-specific, parameterized local search algorithms (PLSAs), in which optimization accuracy can be traded off with runtime, arise naturally in many optimization contexts. We introduce a novel approach, called simulated heating, for systematically integrating parameterized local search into evolutionary algorithms (EAs). Using the framework of simulated heating, we investigate both stati...

P and time are integral dimensions of virtually any decision. To treat them together, we consider the prospect of receiving outcome x with a probability p at time t. We define risk and time distance, and show that if these two distances are traded off linearly, then preferences are characterized by three functions: a value function, a probability discount rate function, and a psychological dist...