This study aimed at investigating the effects of grammatical error correction on EFL learners’ accuracy. Twenty-two male and female senior students were chosen randomly to respond to a questionnaire investigating their beliefs about immediate grammatical error correction.  Actually, the study was conducted in order to answer this question: what is the effect of grammatical error feedback on stu...

LDPC codes are state-of-art error correcting codes, included in and the received samples in LDPC-coded systems using M -QAM schemes. physical layer, especially on the forward-error correction code. (FEC) performance. low-density parity check (LDPC) codes can achieve high Using long FECs with short is possible to apply a non-uniform mapping like for example. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) code ...

In this paper we propose an analytical model of a resilient, tree-based end-node multicast streaming architecture that employs path diversity and forward error correction for improved resilience to node churns and packet losses. Using the model and via simulations we study the performance of this architecture in the presence of packet losses and dynamic node behavior. We show that the overlay c...

We develop a mathematical foundation for operator quantum error correction. This is a new paradigm for the error correction of quantum operations that incorporates the known techniques — i.e. the standard error correction model, the method of decoherence-free subspaces, and the noiseless subsystem method — as special cases, and relies on a generalized notion of noiseless subsystems that is not ...

Bangladesh, a developing economy, contains trade deficit from her very inception. This paper makes an effort to understand the time series behavior of total export and total import of Bangladesh. Unit root tests recognize the existence of random walk in total export and total import time series. Johansen cointegration test reveals long-run equilibrium relationship between these two variables. G...

Species evolution is essentially a random process of interaction between biological populations and their environments. As a result, some physical parameters in evolution models are subject to statistical fluctuations. In this paper, two important parameters in the Eigen model, the fitness and mutation rate, are treated as Gaussian distributed random variables simultaneously to examine the prop...

In this paper, we propose a three-phase text error correction model consisting of a word spacing error correction phase, a syllablebased spelling error correction phase, and a word-based spelling error correction phase. In order to reduce the text error correction complexity, the proposed model corrects text errors step by step. With the aim of correcting word spacing errors, spelling errors, a...

Elasticities of demand and supply for South African manufactured exports are estimated using a vector error correction model in order to address simultaneity and non-stationarity issues. Demand is highly price-elastic, with elasticities ranging from –3 to –6. The price elasticity of supply is generally about 1, but some estimates are as low as 0.35. Competitors’ prices and world income are impo...

Theoretical predictions and empirical evidence on the impact of foreign aid and fiscal policy on growth are mixed. This paper examines the effect of fiscal variables (government expenditure and revenue) and aid on growth using annual time series data for Kenya over the period 1964 – 2002. Multivariate cointegration (VAR) and vector error correction models (VECM) are estimated to establish both ...