The generation of ultra-short x-rays by Thomson scattering intense laser pulses from electron beams is discussed, including recent experimental results and methods for enhancing the x-ray flux. A high flux of x-rays in a femtosecond pulse requires the generation of femtosecond electron bunches and a head-on Thomson scattering geometry. The generation of ultrashort electron bunches in a plasmaba...

Based on recently collected Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 13 species were identified from genera of Pteromalinae that are characterized in part by the female clava being distinctly acuminate or apically bearing a narrow spicula. Included are two species of Callitula Spinola, three species of Homoporus Thomson, seven species of Norbanus Walker, and one species of Rhaphitelus Walker. ...

A new 10 channel Thomson scattering (TS) system was installed on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak to measure radial profiles of electron density and temperature at the plasma edge with high radial resolution. Together with the already existing TS system, which is now used for the core plasma, electron density and temperature profiles extending from the edge to the core are now obtained in a single dis...

Helicases are specialized molecular motors that separate duplex nucleic acids into single strands. The RecQ family of helicases functions at the interface of DNA replication, recombination and repair in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. They are key, multifunctional enzymes that have been linked to three human diseases: Bloom's, Werner's and Rothmund-Thomson's syndromes. This review summarizes re...

A taxonomic revision based on the study of the external morphology and the terminalia of Phygopoda Thomson, 1864 and Pseudophygopoda Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007 is presented. The genera and their species are redescribed. Five synonymies are proposed: Panamapoda Clarke, 2014 and Paraphygopoda Clarke, 2014 = Pseudophygopoda Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007; Paraphygopoda viridimicans...

As we approach a new period of evaluation of Brazilian Graduate Programs by the Ministry of Education, it seems appropriate to revisit the rating systems for scientific journals. According to the Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, there are about 300,000 scientific periodicals in the world today. However, 270,000 of these are not subject to the process of peer review, meaning that only 30,000 jour...

The classical Kelvin-Thomson (CKT) equation does not consider the interaction of condensing molecules with the ions and hence is not able to treat polar and nonpolar molecules differently. The ion-clustering enthalpy and entropy changes predicted by CKT equation for small ions are known to be significantly less negative than those observed. In this paper, we derive a modified Kelvin-Thomson (MK...

Henry Cockburn who claimed in 1856 that in the 1790s the Whigs in Edinburgh were few and embattled, fighting for their views and careers against the dominant Tories who exploited the fears aroused in Britain by the execution of Louis XIV and the Terror. Cockburn identified John Allen and John Thomson, of the medical profession, as active and fearless in the Whig cause. Though much has been writ...

In this paper, the Joule–Thomson expansion of Born–Infeld AdS black holes in consistent Aoki–Gorji–Mukohyama theory 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity is studied extended phase space. We further analyze effect parameters [Formula: see text] and on inversion curves plot isenthalpic text]–[Formula: plane, which can determine cooling–heating regions.