This article traces the study of interrelationships between power output, work done, velocity maintained or distance covered and the endurance time taken to achieve that objective. During the first half of the twentieth century, scientists examined world running records for distances from < 100 m to > 1000 km. Such examinations were empirical in nature, involving mainly graphical and crude curv...

[1] While the terrestrial aurorae are known to be driven primarily by the interaction of the Earth’s magnetosphere with the solar wind, there is considerable evidence that auroral emissions on Jupiter and Saturn are driven primarily by internal processes, with the main energy source being the planets’ rapid rotation. Prior observations have suggested there might be some influence of the solar w...

We compute isospin corrections to the charmless semileptonic B → V transitions arising from ρ− ω mixing and discuss its relevance in the determination of Vub. PACS numbers: 13.20.He, 12.15.Hh, 12.40.Vv. 11.30.Hv The first measurement of an exclusive charmless semileptonic B decay has been reported recently by the CLEO Collaboration [1,4]. The yields for B → πlνl reported in Refs. [1,4] turn out...

In this paper we examine the determinants of economic value and investment behavior of the multi-asset firm when the firm internally produces intangible assets in the process of making fully productive the externally purchased ones and it has market power. The theoretical models are estimated with data from Spanish banks on material (branches, financial), immaterial (advertising and IT) and int...

Defining appropriate policies for controlling the spread of fungal disease in agricultural landscapes requires appropriate theoretical models. Most existing models for the fungicidal control of plant diseases do not explicitly include the dynamics of the fungicide itself, nor do they consider the impact of infection occurring during the host growth phase. We introduce a modelling framework for ...

For materials that harbour a continuous phase transition, the susceptibility of the material to various fields can be used to understand the nature of the fluctuating order and hence the nature of the ordered state. Here we use anisotropic biaxial strain to probe the nematic susceptibility of URu2Si2, a heavy fermion material for which the nature of the low temperature 'hidden order' state has ...

We present theoretical models for the time-dependent voltage of an electrochemical cell in response to a current step, including effects of diffuse charge (or "space charge") near the electrodes on Faradaic reaction kinetics. The full model is based on the classical Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations with generalized Frumkin-Butler-Volmer boundary conditions to describe electron-transfer reactions...

In this work, we show how increasing the charge of small cations affects the structural, thermodynamical, and dynamical properties of these ions in liquid water. We have studied the case of lanthanoid and actinoid ions, for which we have recently developed accurate polarizable force fields, and the ionic radius is in the 0.995-1.250 Å range, and explored the valency range from 0 to 4+. We found...

Alloying processes in nanometre-sized Ag@Au and Au@Ag core@shell particles with average radii of 2 nm are studied via high resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging on in situ heatable carbon substrates. The bimetallic clusters are synthesized in small droplets of superfluid helium under fully inert conditions. After deposition, they are monitored during a heating cycle to 600 K...

There has been a long history of unexplained anomalous absorption of solar radiation by clouds. Collocated satellite and surface measurements of solar radiation at five geographically diverse locations showed significant solar absorption by clouds, resulting in about 25 watts per square meter more global-mean absorption by the cloudy atmosphere than predicted by theoretical models. It has often...