In October 2006, in the first issue of this journal, I described the idea of ‘democratizing science’ — a state of affairs in which non-experts have active and constructive roles in science policy decisions1. At that time, there were expectations that nanotechnology would be a laboratory for experimenting with the idea of democratizing science. From this came an impressive battery of focus group...

There are two broad approaches to device testing: Functional test – “Does the device do what it is supposed to do?” – and structural test – “Has the device been built correctly?” Historically, electronic devices were tested functionally. If a device met its specifications, then by definition it worked and test was complete. As the complexity of electronic systems increased, however, verifying t...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was first described in 1967 in a series of 32 infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who were treated with artificial ventilation and supplemental oxygen. 1 These infants had initially been given antibiotics, the usual measures for control of body temperature, and glucose and sodium bicarbonate intravenously to combat acidosis. They had not responded to thi...

A second enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysine residues in E. coli been discovered and represents the founding member of a new enzyme family.

DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS as a separate branch of economics emerged at the end of the Second World War. During the dominance of neo-classical economics from the 1870s until the Keynesian Revolution of the 1930s, economists were more concerned with partial equilibrium analysis. They worked on the assumption that a free competitive capitalist economy would automatically ensure the maximisation of nat...

Qualitative reasoning about physical systems has become one of the most active and productive areas in AI in recent years. While there are many different kinds of qualitative reasoning, the central role is played by qualitative simulation: prediction of the possible behaviors consistent with incomplete knowledge of the structure of physical system. In the retrospective on my 1984 paper, “Common...

We study the phenomenon of accidental or “emergent” supersymmetry within gauge theory and connect it to the scenarios of Split Supersymmetry and Higgs compositeness. Combining these elements leads to a significant refinement and extension of the proposal of Partial Supersymmetry, in which supersymmetry is broken at very high energies but with a remnant surviving to the weak scale. The Hierarchy...