Blood samples from 181 equines from the Central Valley of Costa Rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. The presence of antibodies against Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), Equine Herpes Virus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4), West Nile Virus (WNV), Inf...

n an ideal world, our decision to enroll patients in clinical trials would be based on thoughtful, rational, informed, and balanced considerations of available and relevant scientific and clinical data. In reality, our decision making is based more often on our recent clinical experience and the opinions of those clinicians we value. To increase the appropriate and thoughtful enrollment of pati...

Real time gross settlement systems (RTGS-systems) operated by central banks are the predominant form of large value payment systems. They allow execution of fund transfers between central bank accounts of commercial banks and other financial institutions as a continuous process by settling payments individually, with their full value and with immediate finality. Because individual payments are ...

Recent studies of HIV RNA in infected individuals show that viral levels vary widely between individuals and within the same individual over time. Individuals with higher viral loads during the chronic phase tend to develop AIDS more rapidly. If RNA levels are correlated with infectiousness, these variations explain puzzling results from HIV transmission studies and suggest that a small subset ...