The current exoplanet database includes 5454 confirmed and candidate planets observed with the Kepler mission. We find 932 planet pairs from which we extract distance and orbital period ratios. While earlier studies used a logarithmic spacing, which lacks a physical model, we employ here the theory of harmonic orbit resonances, which contains quantized ratios instead, to explain the observed pl...

Abstract Jupiter and its moons are a complex dynamical system that include several phenomena like tides interactions, moon’s librations resonances. One of the most interesting characteristics Jovian is presence Laplace resonance, where orbital periods Ganymede, Europa Io maintain 4:2:1 ratio, respectively. It to study role resonance in dynamic system, especially regarding dissipative nature tid...

Moons orbiting rocky exoplanets in compact orbits about other stars experience an accelerated tidal evolution, and can either merge with their parent planet or reach the limit of dynamical instability within a Hubble time. We review parameter space over which moons become unbound, including effects atmospheric tides on planetary spin. find that such change final outcome from merger to escape, a...

Magnetic field perturbations measured during Galileo flybys of Europa and Callisto are consistent with dipole fields induced by the temporal variations of the ambient jovian magnetospheric field. These fields are close to those expected for perfectly conducting moons. We investigate the implications of these observations for the electrical structure of the moon’s interiors using a simple shell ...

How did Pluto’s recently discovered minor moons form? Ward and Canup propose an elegant solution in which Nix and Hydra formed in the collision that produced Charon, then were caught into corotation resonances with Charon, and finally were transported to their current location as Charon migrated outwards. We show with numerical integrations that, if Charon’s eccentricity is judiciously chosen, ...

The ring system of Saturn is a complex interaction between numerous particles, moons, and Saturn. A program was created to simulate the different aspects of the ring system and to study the effects of moons on the orbiting particles. Simply by considering both the force of gravity on each particle and collisions between particles, gaps formed at eight different resonant positions. I also studie...

Four small moons (Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra) are at present known to orbit around the barycenter of Pluto Charon, which themselves considered a binary dwarf-planet due their relatively high mass ratio. The central, non-axisymmetric potential induces moon orbits inconvenient be described by Keplerian osculating elements. Here, we report that observed orbital variations, may not result eccent...

soil salinity affects a large part of the region in iran. salinity covers 12.5% oftotal area of the country. priming of seeds in sodium chloride and water (hydro-priming)has been reported to be a simple technique for enhancing the seedling establishment andgermination performance in the seeds of many crops and small seeded grasses under thestress conditions. therefore, the aim of this research ...