Shipping, central to the rise of Atlantic economies, was an extremely hazardous activity. Between 1780s and 1820s, a safety revolution occurred that saw shipping losses insurance rates on oceanic routes almost halved thanks steady improvements in shipbuilding navigation. Copper sheathing, iron reinforcing, flush decks were major innovations shipbuilding. Navigation improved, not through chronom...

The “Type of Article” this paper is “Letter to the Editor”. This discuses about: “The Fifth Industrial Revolution in Agricultural Sciences”. No formal abstract available. Readers are requested read full article.

Renewable energy has long been central to SNP policy making and Scottish independence. During the 2014 referendum, green electricity generation was presented as a means for Scotland achieve ‘reindustrialisation’. Despite world-leading transition in supply, government struggled develop renewables manufacturing. Scotland’s largest offshore engineering company, BiFab, entered administration 2020. ...