Transglutaminases catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins by transamidation of available glutamine residues. This action results primarily in the formation of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links but includes the incorporation of polyamines into suitable protein substrates as well. The covalent isopeptide crosslink is stable and resistant to proteolysis, thereby increasing...

Physiologists say that ions and neutral solutes can cross biological membranes via ‘‘transporters’’ and ‘‘channels.’’ We tend to think about the difference between transporters and channels in terms of gating mechanisms. Ion channels exhibit a wide range of selectivity properties and permeation rates, but their gating at the most basic level can be thought of in terms of a single barrier or gat...

Since elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 is commonly observed in several malignant tumors, MMPs have been widely reported as key factors in the design of drug delivery systems. Several strategies have been proposed to develop MMPs-responsive nanoparticles to deliver chemotherapeutics to malignant solid tumors. A stimuli-responsive drug delivery system, which could...

Transglutaminases (TGases; EC 2.3.2.13) are a family of enzymes that catalyze calcium-dependent covalent cross-linking of cellular proteins by establishing epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds. These covalent isopeptide bonds are of great physiological significance because they are highly resistant to proteolysis, denaturants, and reducing agents. Prior studies have demonstrated the ...

s | 7 (baseline CSDD score ≥ 18) were selected and compared (n = 6 for each group), differences were more definite. The main difference was in the ‘cyclic functions’ category. Significant differences were not observed among secondary outcome measures. The number of treatment-related adverse-events (AE) did not differ between groups (p=0.83) and no serious treatment-related AE were observed. Con...

T he family of transglutaminases (TG) includes the plasma form factor XIIIa as well as the tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGk). In particular, tTG reminds every gastroenterologist primarily of coeliac disease where tTG represents the key autoantigen. Disease induction is confined to tTG, a ubiquitous enzyme which is released from fibroblasts, endothelial, and i...

A hitherto unknown function for transglutaminase (TGase; R-glutaminyl-peptide: amine 3,-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13) was found in the conversion of latent transforming growth factor-/3 (LTGF-/3) to active TGF-B by bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). The cell-associated, plasmin-mediated activation of LTGF-/3 to TGF-13 induced either by treatment of BAECs with retinoids or by coculture...

All-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) administration leads to complete remission in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients by inducing growth arrest and differentiation of the leukemic clone. In the present study, we show that t-RA treatment dramatically induced type II transglutaminase (type II TGase) expression in cells carrying the t(15;17) translocation and expressing the PML-RARalpha product...

s | 11 and path of small molecule. FITC-dextran (4kDa) was injected into cortices of young, aged, and AD mice. Centering the injection site, circle mask was divided into eight pieces, which were classified into artery or vein-dominant based on vessel distribution. We compare the intensity and decline rates of FITC signal at each piece of the mask. The discrepancy transforms into the uniformity ...

s | 11 and path of small molecule. FITC-dextran (4kDa) was injected into cortices of young, aged, and AD mice. Centering the injection site, circle mask was divided into eight pieces, which were classified into artery or vein-dominant based on vessel distribution. We compare the intensity and decline rates of FITC signal at each piece of the mask. The discrepancy transforms into the uniformity ...