this paper proposes a method to solve multi-objective problems using improved particle swarm optimization. we propose leader particles which guide other particles inside the problem domain. two techniques are suggested for selection and deletion of such particles to improve the optimal solutions. the first one is based on the mean of the m optimal particles and the second one is based on appoin...

Sampling, sample recovery, laboratory preparation and analysis and performing calculations all introduce errors into a final test result. Even without any mistakes, random errors will remain. The precision of a method -the size of likely random errors from all sources from sampling tech­ niques through data reduction -is determined by analyzing the differences between simultaneous measurements....

This work introduces a conformal finite difference time domain (CFDTD) particle-in-cell (PIC) method to accurately and efficiently study electromagnetic or radio frequency (RF) structures and their interactions with charged particles. For illustration, the dispersion relation of an A6 relativistic magnetron has been determined and a preliminary hot test including electrons has been done. The ac...