Test bias, in contrast to test fairness, is best conceptualized in validity terms amenable to statistical analysis. Evidence of predictive validity may be most salient in many situations. Evaluation of predictive bias is generally operationalized via linear regression. Potthoff (1978) provided an efficient and parsimonious regression bias procedure that allows both simultaneous and separate tes...

The happy-sad chimeric faces test has been established as a useful test of right hemispheric function. It is known to elicit a left hemifacial bias (LHF bias) in right handed subjects. 41 normals and 19 manic, depressive and schizophrenic patients each were tested. All subjects were strictly right handed. Normals and depressives showed significant LHF bias. Monies and schizophrenics did not sho...

Objective—To investigate whether changing recognition stimuli from words to pictures would alter response bias in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background—Response bias is an important aspect of memory performance in patients with AD, as they show an abnormally liberal response bias compared to healthy older adults. We have previously found that despite changes in discrimination produ...

CONTEXT Accuracy is an important feature of any diagnostic test. There has been an increasing awareness of deficiencies in study design that can create bias in estimates of test accuracy. Many pathologists are unaware of these sources of bias. OBJECTIVE To explain the causes and increase awareness of several common types of bias that result from deficiencies in the design of diagnostic accura...

We investigate the existence of biases, in particular the so called splitting bias, in a real environmental decision analysis case. The splitting bias refers to a situation where presenting an attribute in more detail may increase the weight it receives. We test whether the splitting bias can be eliminated or reduced through instruction and training. The case was the regulation of a lake-river ...

BACKGROUND Cancer screening reduces cancer mortality when early detection allows successful treatment of otherwise fatal disease. There are a variety of trial designs used to find the best screening test. In a series screening trial design, the decision to conduct the second test is based on the results of the first test. Thus, the estimates of diagnostic accuracy for the second test are condit...

BACKGROUND The validity of a meta-analysis can be understood better in light of the possible impact of publication bias. The majority of the methods to investigate publication bias in terms of small study-effects are developed for meta-analyses of intervention studies, leaving authors of diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) systematic reviews with limited guidance. The aim of this study was to evalua...

BACKGROUND HIV serosurveys have become important sources of HIV prevalence estimates, but these estimates may be biased because of refusals and other forms of non-response. We investigate the effect of the post-test counseling study protocol on bias due to the refusal to be tested. METHODS Data come from a nine-month prospective study of hospital admissions in Addis Ababa during which patient...

This review provides the basic principle and rational for ROC analysis of rating and continuous diagnostic test results versus a gold standard. Derived indexes of accuracy, in particular area under the curve (AUC) has a meaningful interpretation for disease classification from healthy subjects. The methods of estimate of AUC and its testing in single diagnostic test and also comparative studies...