This paper estimates the effect of Wal-Mart expansion on retail employment at the county level. Using an instrumental-variables approach to correct for both measurement error in entry dates and endogeneity of the timing of entry, I find that Wal-Mart entry increases retail employment by 100 jobs in the year of entry. Half of this gain disappears over the next five years as other retail establis...

Like the sequence of words in written language, comic book page layouts direct images into a deliberate reading sequence. Conventional wisdom would expect that comic panels follow the order of text: left-to-right and down - a "Z-path" - though several layouts can violate this order, such as Gestalt groupings of panels that deny a Z-path of reading. To examine how layouts pressure readers to cho...

This paper is an exploratory introduction to issues surrounding the combinatorial expressivity and computational complexity of weakly aggregative modal logic (WAL) – the latter insofar as it relates to the former, but also more generally. We begin by showing how WAL allows us to define a natural hierarchy of (recognition) optimization problems not generally available in logics as strong as K. I...

The growing body of research suggests that leadership is not among the most attractive career goals, especially for younger work force. However, need has diminished. To shed light on “problem supply”, this study addresses question why high-potential individuals (i.e., non-leaders) do pursue positions by focusing worries about (WAL) and error-related strain. We had two aims: (1) to identify diff...

This paper presents two algorithms for maintaining Btree index consistency in a DBMS which does not use write-ahead logging (WAL). One algorithm is similar to shadow paging, but improves performance by integrating shadow meta-data with index meta-data. The other algorithm uses a two-phase page reorganization scheme to reduce the space overhead caused by shadow paging. Although designed for the ...

‘abd al-wahhāb b. aḥmad sha‘rānī (898-973/1492-1565) is to be considered as one of the most important advocates of muḥyī al-dīn ibn ‘arabī (560-638/1164-1240). he has written significant books in defense of and under the inspiration of ibn ‘arabī, the most important of which that can be mentioned are al-yawāqīt wa al-jawāhir, al-kibrīt al-aḥmar, and al-qawā‘id al-kashfiyya. it is worth mentioni...