In early development, female embryos (XX) produce twice the transcripts of X-linked genes compared with male embryos (XY). During the course of development, inactivation of the X chromosome equilibrates gene dosage, making the development of female embryos viable. Moreover, the biotechnologies used for producing embryos in vitro seem to work better with male embryos, making it easier for them t...

W ords that are more frequently used tend to be shorter in human language [1, 2] [Figure 1(a)]. The length of a word can be measured in letters or phonemes. The shortening of words with frequency can be regarded as evidence of efficient coding: by employing shorter codes for more frequent words, it is possible to increase the rate of information transmitted [3]. This tendency is the rationale b...

The in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and morphological changes in buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) cryopreserved by ultra rapid freezing using conventional (CON) and open-pulled straw (OPS) methods were tested. COCs were cryopreserved using a vitrification solution comprising of DPBS + 0.5M sucrose + 0.4% BSA and two concentrations (4.5 or 5.5M) of each cryoprotectant ethyl...

Background: Sperm mediated gene transfer was approved for producing transgenic animals. There are many studies which reported different success rate by this procedure. Failure in this project mostly is returned to transfection and stability of transferred genes. The other problem that may contribute in project failure may return to the testicular damages which occur at the time of transfection,...

In order to comprehend the influence of evolutionary changes in gene structure on the alternative splicing mechanism, we work on three related subjects: (i) conservation of exonintron sequences, (ii) splice site score changes and (iii) length data changes, across the vertebrate tree. We have analyzed conservation levels of human Alternative cassette exons (ACEs) ...

In order to comprehend the influence of evolutionary changes in gene structure on the alternative splicing mechanism, we work on three related subjects: (i) conservation of exonintron sequences, (ii) splice site score changes and (iii) length data changes, across the vertebrate tree. We have analyzed conservation levels of human Alternative cassette exons (ACEs) ...

Chronic kidney disease related mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is a worldwide challenge in haemodialysis patients associated with high morbidity and mortality. CKD-MBD, the new terminology used for Renal Osteodystrophy and Renal bone disease (KDIGO).In clinical practice, bone biopsy is used infrequently to detect MBD in CKD, because it is an invasive and often expensive procedure and the sam...