This note discusses the estimation of systematic uncertainties and their incorporation into upper limit calculations. Two different approaches to reducing systematics and their degrading impact on upper limits are introduced. An improved χ function is defined which is useful in comparing Poisson distributed data with models marginalized by systematic uncertainties. Also, a technique using profi...

Dedifferentiation, paedomorphosis, and the insertion and deletion of developmental stages make it impossible to deduce the genealogical hierarchy frum only ontogenetic transformation series. Like the outgroup criterion, ontogenetic character precedence is not theory-neutral and to use it to deduce genealogy requires certain assumptions. If scientists are going to use logically unbeatable theori...

Pollen research has been carried out on 81 detarioid genera (253 species) to define informative characters for taxonomic studies and cladistic analysis. There is a huge variety of pollen morphological structures, although the presence of intermediate forms prevents some from being informative as characters. Ultrastructure does, however, provide an important source of taxonomic and systematic in...

Leptospires are spirochetes that may be free-living saprophytes found in freshwater or may cause acute or chronic infection of animals. The family Leptospiraceae comprises three genera: Leptospira Leptospira Leptonema Leptonema, and Turneriella Turneriella. Within the genus Leptospira, three clades can be distinguished, of pathogens, nonpathogens, and an intermediate group. Leptospires are furt...

Multifragmentation is observed in many reaction types: light ion induced reactions at large incident energies (in the GeV region), central heavy ion collisions from 30 to 100 MeV/u, and peripheral heavy ion collisions between 30 and 1000 MeV/u or above. When nucleus-nucleus collisions are considered, another entrance channel parameter is the corresponding mass asymmetry. The first question whic...