in asthmatic subjects there is a pronounced diurnal variation in bronchial responsiveness. if this phenomenon is due to variation in factors that control drug delivery, then it should be paralleled by a similar variation in competitive antagonist blockade. in order to study this possibility, we performed the methacholine challenge test and after 45 minutes, administered atropine by inhalation. ...

it has been postulated that the building of the manjil and tarik dams on sefidroud river has led to the body shape variation of capoeta gracilis in up- and downstream populations due to the isolation. in this study, geometric morphometric approach was used to explore body shape variations of capoeta gracilis populations in up- and downstream manjil and tarik dams in sefidroud river from south o...

the geometric morphometrics method was applied to study the morphological differences in 95 specimens of kura barbel (barbus lacerta, heckel 1834) collected from three riverine ecosystems of the sefidrud basin, viz. taleghan, totkabon and kloraz rivers.  for this purpose, the left sides of the specimens were photographed. then, 14 landmark-points were defined and digitized on 2d pictures using ...

during the past few years, researchers and practitioners have developed novel techniques, using ansa cervicalis to innervate muscles of the larynx paralyzed due to surgical procedures carried out in the chest and neck areas. during routine dissection of a middle-age male cadaver, an unusual course of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis was observed. in this case, the superior root of the a...

abstract variation of climatic elements could be estimated by standard deviation, coefficients of variation and so on. in iranian climatological literature, variations of climatic elements have main attention during last decades. meanwhile worldwide climatologist desired to study the characteristics of variations as well as the distribution of frequency average of these elements. in this paper,...

the barn owl, tyto alba (scopoli, 1769), occurs worldwide and shows a considerable amount of morphological and geographical variation, leading to the recognition of many subspecies around the world. yet comprehensive study on this species needs to be done. data from mitochondrial gene (cytb) with 620bp length is analyzed for 30 individuals around the world. maximum likelihood (ml), maximum pars...

Many experiments on human cooperation have revealed that individuals differ systematically in their tendency to cooperate with others. It has also been shown that individuals condition their behaviour on the overall cooperation level of their peers. Yet, little is known about how individuals respond to heterogeneity in cooperativeness in their neighbourhood. Here, we present an experimental stu...

thorough knowledge of the morphology and internal anatomy of the root canal system is essential, because it determines the successful outcome of endodontic treatment. the main goal of endodontic treatment is to prevent apical periodontitis and/or to promote the healing of periapical lesion. presence of two canals or roots on the palatal side of the first maxillary molar has rarely been reported...

acquaintance with the different anatomical variations of the arterial supply of the gallbladder is of great importance in hepatobiliary surgical procedures. a rare variation of the hepatobiliary arterial system was found during anatomical dissection of a female iranian cadaver. two cystic arteries were present, the first arising directly from the right hepatic artery and the second from the gas...