The chairman’s statement of the corporate annual report plays an important role in informing decision-making investors. Thus, it is often targeted at international audience. present study compares syntactic complexity translated statements (Chinese to English) and non-translated ones (English), determine that translation conveying message. results show are significantly simpler subordination as...

This study explores the possibility of replacing the costly and time-consuming human evaluation of the grammaticality and meaning preservation of the output of text simplification (TS) systems with some automatic measures. The focus is on six widely used machine translation (MT) evaluation metrics and their correlation with human judgements of grammaticality and meaning preservation in text sni...

This paper addresses the problem of automatic evaluation of text simplification systems for Spanish. We test whether already-existing readability formulae would be suitable for this task. We adapt three existing readability indices (two measuring lexical complexity and one measuring syntactic complexity) to be computed automatically, which are then applied to a corpus of original news texts and...

Medical texts can be difficult to understand for laymen, due to a frequent occurrence of specialised medical terms. Replacing these difficult terms with easier synonyms can, however, lead to improved readability. In this study, we have adapted a method for assessing difficulty of words to make it more suitable to medical Swedish. The difficulty of a word was assessed not only by measuring the f...

: This study aims to explore the relationship between syntactic and lexical complexity and also the relationship between different aspects of lexical complexity. To this end, speech monologs of 35 Iranian high-intermediate learners of English on three different tasks (i.e. argumentation, description, and narration) were analyzed for correlations between one measure of sy...

In this study automatic lexical simplification via synonym replacement in Swedish was investigated using three different strategies for choosing alternative synonyms: based on word frequency, based on word length, and based on level of synonymy. These strategies were evaluated in terms of standardized readability metrics for Swedish, average word length, proportion of long words, and in relatio...

In this paper, we explore statistical machine translation (SMT) approaches to automatic text simplification (ATS) for Spanish. First, we compare the performances of the standard phrase-based (PB) and hierarchical (HIERO) SMT models in this specific task. In both cases, we build two models, one using the TS corpus with “light” simplifications and the other using the TS corpus with “heavy” simpli...

In this paper, we examine children stories and propose a text simplification system to automatically generate simpler versions of the stories and, therefore, make them easier to understand for children, especially ones with difficulty in reading comprehension. Our system learns simplifications from limited data built from a small repository of short English stories for children and can perform ...