Systematic syllable-based variation has been observed in the relative spatial and temporal properties of supralaryngeal gestures in a number of complex segments. Generally, more anterior gestures tend to appear at syllable peripheries while less anterior gestures occur closer to syllable peaks. Because previous studies compared only two gestures, it is not clear how to characterize the gestures...

This paper proposes a syllable context dependent model for spontaneous speech recognition. It is generally assumed that, since spontaneous speech is greatly affected by coarticulation, an acoustic model featuring a longer range phonemic context is required to achieve a high degree of recognition accuracy. This motivated the authors to investigate a tri-syllable model that takes differences in t...

Starting from a view on language as complex, hierarchically organized system composed of many parts that have interactions, this paper investigates statistical relationships between the linguistic variables “phoneme inventory size,” “syllable “length words,” clauses,” and nonlinguistic variable “population size.” By analyzing parallel textual material 61 languages (18 families) we found strong ...

There is very little research in the field of Arabic language acquisition This study explores development trill /r/ Iraqi (IA). It attempts to answer four main questions: (1) What percentage total sample produced correctly? (2) Is this age customary, acquisition, or mastery for IA children? (3) Does production accuracy vary by position syllable and child sex? (4) How developed within group? Sam...

The coordination of the various processes involved in language production is a subject of keen debate in writing research. Some authors hold that writing processes can be flexibly coordinated according to task demands, whereas others claim that process coordination is entirely inflexible. For instance, orthographic planning has been shown to be resource-dependent during handwriting, but inflexi...

Crowing-type chicken is one of the important chicken breeds in Indonesia. This study was conducted to investigate the crowing characters of Pelung chicken and the effect of exon 7 FoxP2 gene polymorphism in mute chicken. Chicken were obtained from local breeder. Pelung chicken crowing and morphology characterizations were conducted in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Chicken breeding (♀ ...

This paper argues that syllables may be divided by feet, based on an analysis of Banawá, an Arawan language of the Brazilian Amazon. This result is important for phonological theory because it improves our understanding of the variable roles of syllables and moras in the phonological systems of individual languages and because it underscores the urgent need for more fieldwork on the prosody of ...

THE " SYLLABLE EFFECT " If French listeners are asked to detect, as rapidly as possible, the phonologica l fragment ba-in a series of spoken words, they respond faster to the word balance than to balcon; conversely, the target bal-is detected more rapidly in balcon than in balance. Syllable boundaries in French are clear: The rst syllable of balance is ba-and the rst syllable of balcon is bal-....

This study examined how duration of an unstressed final syllable in English is affected by conditions in the following word: stress (trochaic/iambic), accent (accented/unaccented), and initial stop voicing (voiced/voiceless). Results showed that the unstressed final syllable was shorter before an unstressed syllable, presumably due to polysyllabic shortening—i.e., the following unstressed sylla...