BackgroundThere are various experimental measurement techniques used to measure residual stress and this work describes one such method, the slotting its application near surface stresses.ObjectiveThis examines macro-scale specimens.MethodsA series of numerical experiments were performed understand size required assume that specimen is infinitely large, namely thickness, width, height. To asses...

The elastic deformation of a soft solid induced by capillary forces crucially relies on the excess stress inside the solid-liquid interface. While for a liquid-liquid interface this "surface stress" is strictly identical to the "surface free energy," the thermodynamic Shuttleworth equation implies that this is no longer the case when one of the phases is elastic. Here we develop a microscopic m...

The writer’s theory of surface instability of au elastic body under initial stress in finite strain is extended to anisotropic elasticity. The general characteristic equation for surface instability is derived. In addition, the surface deflexion under a normal load is evaluated for the subcritical case of initial stress. The analysis includes the case in which gravity is taken into account. It ...

We report on the first direct measurement of the change of the surface stress in the reconstruction of the Au(111) and the Au(100) surfaces. For both surfaces the reconstruction relaxes the intrinsic tensile stress, by 22% and 5%, respectively. A discussion of the data on the Au(111) surface in the FrenkelKontorova model shows that the energy gain due to the surface stress is not quite large en...

The stress in a single crystal of nickel-base superalloy with 72 % volume fraction of '-phase was measured by the X-ray method. The specimen whose surface normal was parallel to [001] direction was oscillated around -axis during recording of the X-ray diffraction pattern with a two-dimensional position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC). The stress was determined from the measured strain u...

This paper proposes a new approach for representing elasto-plastic behavior through graphical visualization of the yield surface and the stress path in the principal stress space. The yield surface is defined by thematerial parameters of a given yield criterion, and the stress path is formed by a number of stress points, each of which is obtained for every increment in the applied force. The su...

The background method is adapted to derive rigorous limits on surface speeds and bulk energy dissipation for shear stress driven flow in two and three dimensional channels. By-products of the analysis are nonlinear energy stability results for plane Couette flow with a shear stress boundary condition: when the applied stress is gauged by a dimensionless Grashoff number Gr, the critical Gr for e...

We report the first topographical data of the surface of living endothelial cells at sub-light-microscopic resolution, measurements essential for a detailed understanding of force distribution in the endothelium subjected to flow. Atomic force microscopy was used to observe the surface topography of living endothelial cells in confluent monolayers maintained in static culture or subjected to un...

A new MEMS shear stress sensor imager has been developed and its capability of imaging surface shear stress distribution has been demonstrated. The imager consists of multi-rows of vacuum-insulated shear stress sensors with a 300 μm pitch. This small spacing allows it to detect surface flow patterns that could not be directly measured before. The high frequency response (30 kHz) of the sensor u...

We show, by first-principles calculations, that the effect of external strain on surface diffusion is inherently correlated with the intrinsic surface stress induced by the adatom along its diffusion pathways. We demonstrate a simple generic method for a priori predicting quantitatively how an external strain will change surface diffusion on any given surface, based on calculations of surface-s...