purpose headache at altitudes has had an incidence of 25-62% through many related studies. many reasons are identified concerning headache at altitudes such as acute mountain sickness (ams), sinus headache, migraine, tension type headache, and frontal tension headache. this study tried to compare different types of headache among trekkers on mount damavand, a 5671m mountain, iran, to find their...

Abstract. Monitoring the snow water equivalent (SWE) in harsh environments of high mountain regions is a challenge. Here, we explore use muon counts to infer SWE. We deployed muonic cosmic ray gauge (?-CRSG) on Swiss glacier during snow-rich winter season 2020/21 (almost 2000 mm w.e.). The ?-CRSG measurements agree well with by neutronic (n-CRSG), and they lie within uncertainty manual observat...

Modeling the anisotropic reflectance of snow will be important for various applications, like climatology, meteorology and water management. Accurate climatic and meteorological modeling of energy balance needs to take the anisotropic effect into account. This is also the case for accurate snow-cover mapping for water management. This paper describes the development of an empirical model for th...

The feasibility of simulating daily snowmelt runoff in an arid mountain watershed with limited hydro-meteorological measurements was explored with an enhanced temperature-index snowmelt runoff model (SRM) in which the degree-day factor (DDF) is varied on the basis of shortwave solar radiation and snow albedo. The model satisfactorily simulated snowmelt runoff with a model efficiency of 0Ð64 for...

Capturing wild animals can be time consuming and difficult or even impractical. Noninvasive sampling is potentially a cost-effective and efficient means to monitor wild animals, thereby avoiding the need of capture and disturb species in the wild. On the basis of the morphological and genetic analyses of owl pellet contents, a so far undetected European snow vole (Chionomys nivalis) population ...

We have used NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data and a Northern Hemisphere snow cover data set to analyze changes in freezing level heights and snow cover for the past three to five decades. All the major continental mountain chains exhibit upward shifts in the height of the freezing level surface. The pattern of these changes is generally consistent with changes in snow cover, both over the course of th...

Improving high-resolution (meter-scale) mapping of snow-covered areas in complex and forested terrains is critical to understanding the responses species water systems climate change. Commercial imagery from Planet Labs, Inc. (Planet, San Francisco, CA, USA) can be used environmental science, as it has both high spatial (0.7–3.0 m) temporal (1–2 day) resolution. Deriving using traditional radio...

While meteorology and aerosols are identified as key drivers of snow cover (SC) variability in High Mountain Asia, complex non-linear interactions between them not adequately quantified. Here, we attempt to unravel these through a simple relative importance (RI) analysis meteorological aerosol variables from ERA5/CAMS-EAC4 reanalysis against satellite-derived SC Moderate Resolution Imaging Spec...

Prior research has shown that the currently deployed geodetic global positioning system (GPS) stations can be used to measure snow depth in an area around the antenna installation via GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR). Although such a technique provides the advantages of large spatial coverage and high temporal measurement sampling, there are also drawbacks in using geodetic equipment ...