The paper investigates the interaction between dynamic forms of incentive mechanisms (patent systems) and dynamic forms of problems (adaptations of pests and pathogens). Since biological problems recur, the design of the incentive mechanism must take into consideration: a) the need for investments into R&D that take into account the impermanence of the solution concepts; and b) the impact of th...

Genetically modified (GM) crops are used extensively worldwide to control diploid agricultural insect pests that reproduce sexually. However, future GM crops will likely soon target haplodiploid and parthenogenetic insects. As rapid pest adaptation could compromise these novel crops, strategies to manage resistance in haplodiploid and parthenogenetic pests are urgently needed. Here, we develope...

the sunn pest is a serious pest of cereals causing severe damage to cereals especially of wheat. its life cycle has two different phases, one is growth and development phase and the other is diapause phase which takes place in adult stage. in this study the effects of juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen, ecdysone analogue methoxyfenozide and mixture of pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide on dia...

T. HE AIRPLANE holds a bright new hope in the farmers' uphill struggle with insects. Since 1922, when Department engineers and entomologists developed a practical method for dusting cottonfields with calcium arscnatc to protect the crop against the boll weevil, commercial airplane dusting has become routine, particularly in cultivated fields that spread over a wide area unbroken by trees or shr...

Pest index, a new approach to categorizing the threat posed by an organism to woody plants, is proposed to assist plant managers in establishing treatment thresholds for pests of woody plants. The need for such a tool is based on the incredible diversity of pests of woody plants and the lack of experimental data establishing such thresholds. The pest index is computed using information about th...

The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), is one of the most important pests of wheat and causes considerable damage to this valuable crop annually. Digestive proteinase activity of adult insects was investigated using general and specific substrates and inhibitors. Proteolytic activity was low when the common conventional substrates, azoalbumin, azocasein and he...

In the long run, this holistic approach to dealing with pests should reduce pesticide use, provide economic savings for the farmer and protect both the environment and human health. The term ‘integrated’ implies incorporation of natural enemy/antagonist levels into decision-making, and use of compatible, non-disruptive tactics that preserve these agents. Integration can be viewed as either vert...

chemical control against overwintered adults of sunn pest eurygaster integriceps put. mostly has low efficacy. today using insecticides and formulations that have durable toxicity on overwintered adults is more approved, because this strategy can reduce treated area against new generation. this research was conducted with six treatments and four replications in randomized complete block design ...