the islamic legal system established an institution based on which the followers of the triple religions, that is, judaism, christianity and zoroastrianism, under the condition of accepting an agreement entitled as “dhamma”, could seek equality with muslims in many citizenship rights and obligations; whereas, they have never enjoyed those equal rights. during recent years, muslim scholars have ...

The topography on Mars is dominated by the crustal dichotomy between the northern and southern hemispheres and the Tharsis rise on the equator[1]. No explanation has been offered so far as to why the dichotomy should be in its current orientation rather than another. The geoid is currently dominated by Tharsis [2] and rotational stability suggests that a Tharsis-sized load would induce polar wa...

It is known that the (1+1)-EA with mutation rate c/n optimises every monotone function efficiently if c < 1, and needs exponential time on some monotone functions (HotTopic functions) if c ≥ 2.2. We study the same question for a large variety of algorithms, particularly for (1 + λ)EA, (μ + 1)-EA, (μ + 1)-GA, their fast counterparts like fast (1 + 1)EA, and for (1 + (λ, λ))-GA. We find that all ...

A famous theorem of Szemerédi asserts that all subsets of the integers with positive upper density will contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. There are many different proofs of this deep theorem, but they are all based on a fundamental dichotomy between structure and randomness, which in turn leads (roughly speaking) to a decomposition of any object into a structured (low-complexity...

While many people think of an individualism-communalism dichotomy, it is better to think in terms of a range of variation in the way a particular culture balances two human truths: that humans live in groups and draw significant parts of their beliefs and self-definitions from their groups, and that human individuals are also conscious of themselves as separate beings and seeking individual goa...