Probiotic as a term is a relatively new word meaning “for life” and it is currently used to describe a group of bacteria when administered in sufficient quantity, confer beneficial effects for humans and animals [1]. The concept of probiotic bacteria is very old, and is associated with the consumption of fermented foods by human beings, for thousands of years. Since ancient times, man has made ...

This article reviews and generalizes the sufficient statistics approach to policy evaluation. The idea of is that welfare effect changes can be expressed in terms estimable reduced-form elasticities, allowing for evaluation without estimating structural primitives fully specified models. relies on three assumptions: are small, government only source market imperfection, a set high-level restric...

Sufficient dimension reduction provides a useful tool to study the dependence between a response Y and a multidimensional regressor X , sliced regression (Wang and Xia, 2008) being reported to have a range of advantages – estimation accuracy, exhaustiveness and robustness – over many other methods. A new formulation is proposed here based on the Hellinger integral of order two – and so jointly ...

1. Introduction Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) capable of supplying a sufficient quantity of potable water are one of the key infrastructures for a modern sustainable city. The service quality of WDSs is closely related to water conservation and various detrimental disturbances in WDSs, such as pipe bursts and leaks, will result in significant water loss. World-widely, it is reported that 11...

We employ Lasso shrinkage within the context of sufficient dimension reduction to obtain a shrinkage sliced inverse regression estimator, which provides easier interpretations and better prediction accuracy without assuming a parametric model. The shrinkage sliced inverse regression approach can be employed for both single-index and multiple-index models. Simulation studies suggest that the new...