this study was performed from february to april 2006; several visits were made to abattoirs in the north of iran for hypoderma spp infestation. necropsy inspection of slaughtered and skinned animals were carried out by examination of the inner skin surface and subcutaneous tissues. warbles were isolated by squeezing nodules from subcutaneous tissues. in the case of abscess presence, aseptic sam...

Onchocercosis, caused by Onchocerca flexuosa, was observed in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Spain for the first time. Adult specimens of P. flexuosa were found in nodules in subcutaneous tissues in 42 of 125 (33%) red deer between October 1994 and September 1995; intensity of infection +/- SD was 3.93 +/- 5.26 nodules per infected host. A clear seasonal pattern in the distribution of nodules w...