We present an experimental study that explores how head tracking and stereo viewing affect user performance when rotating 3D virtual objects using isomorphic and non-isomorphic rotation techniques. Our experiment compares isomorphic with non-isomorphic rotation utilizing four different display modes (no head tracking/no stereo, head tracking/no stereo, no head tracking/stereo, and head tracking...

This article presents an investigation study of stereo-based 3D surface reconstruction algorithms by providing an overview of the diierent approaches that have been investigated in the stereo literature during the last decade. This study considers only the two-views plain stereo algorithms and provides another classiication for the stereo approaches based on the features used in the stereo lite...

The laser-produced plasma is a compact and relatively inexpensive soft x-ray and extremeultraviolet (EUV) source. In this paper we describe a xenon liquid-jet laser-plasma source suitable for EUV lithography and proximity x-ray lithography (PXL). This specific source combines the advantages of the microscopic-liquid-jet target method and inert-gas, high-Z target material. EUV lithography at A ~...

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructures are essential elements in various technological applications, including optical coatings, [ 1 , 2 ] tissue engineering scaffolds, [ 3 ] microfl uidics, [ 4 ] energy storage devices, [ 5 , 6 ] plasmonics, [ 7 ] and photonic crystals. [ 8 , 9 ] While conventional methods, such as photo lithography and electron beam lithography, are costly and ineffective in ...

Optical lithography is a widely used printing method. In this process, light is used to etch a substrate. The exposed or unexposed areas on the substrate then define the pattern. In particular, the microchip industry uses lithography to produce smaller and smaller processors. However, classical optical lithography can only achieve a resolution comparable to the wave length of the light used @1–...

Zone-Plate-Array Lithography (ZPAL) is an optical-maskless-lithography technique, in which an array of tightly focused spots is formed on the surface of a substrate by means of an array of high-numerical-aperture zone plates. The substrate is scanned while an upstream spatial-light modulator, enabling “dot-matrix” style writing, modulates the light intensity in each spot. We have built a proof-...