We consider the other direction: the 2-stage stochastic programming problem (or also called stochastic recourse problem). Conceptually one should think of the decision process taking place in two stages. In the first, values for the first stage variables x are chosen. In the second, upon a realisation of the random parameters, a recourse action is to be taken in case of infeasibilities. Costs a...

Open Research Problems including Integrating NLP with Database Technology Using the Database Schema to Drive the Discovery of Structure Making Use of Discovered Data and Ontologies to Support Queries Against Text Data Using Discovered Facts to Extend and Enhance Instance Data Using Discovered Structure to Extend the Database Schema and Developing a Workbench for Database Driven Structure Discovery

Since the early days of software engineering, a number of methods, processes, and practices to design and develop software systems have been proposed and applied in industry, e.g., the Rational Unified Process, Agile Software Development, etc. However, since no silver bullet exists, organizations use rich combinations of agile and/or traditional methods and practices, rather than following a si...

Stochastic optimization problems provide a means to model uncertainty in the input data where the uncertainty is modeled by a probability distribution over the possible realizations of the data. We consider the well-studied paradigm of stochastic recourse models, in which the realized input is revealed through a series of stages and one can take decisions in each stage in response to the new in...

In the United Kingdom, air pollution is linked to around 40000 premature deaths each year, but estimating its health effects is challenging in a spatio-temporal study. The challenges include spatial misalignment between the pollution and disease data; uncertainty in the estimated pollution surface; and complex residual spatio-temporal autocorrelation in the disease data. This article develops a...

Crowding, generally defined as the deleterious influence of nearby contours on visual discrimination, is ubiquitous in spatial vision. Crowding impairs the ability to recognize objects in clutter. It has been extensively studied over the last 80 years or so, and much of the renewed interest is the hope that studying crowding may lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in object...

Four Japanese macaques were trained in the use of a T-shaped rake. Use the tool and development of the level of the skill of tool-use took place in three distinct stages. During stage 1, two of the monkeys seemed to use insight for initial solution, while fortuitous experiences led the other two monkeys to the solution. All the monkeys used the tool in a stereotyped manner and could retrieve fo...

The innovative dynamic product design (IDPD)methodhas been proposed andproven to be effective in diversifying how designers think. To further understand the influence of learning styles on the applications of the IDPD method, this study recruited student designers to actually employ this method in designing products, and the effects of the method on the performance of the students with differen...