Lead Zirconate Titanate oxide (PZT) thick films with thicknesses of up to 10 μm were developed using a modified sol-gel technique. Usually, the film thickness is less than 1 μm by conventional sol-gel processing, while the electrical charge accumulation which reveals the direct effect of piezoelectricity is proportional to the film thickness and therefore restricted. Two approaches were adopted...

Recent observations [1, 2] around the critical point showed that the critical exponents differed drastically for pure hydrogel systems depending on monomer concentration. To investigate hydrogels, the sol-gel phase transition during free radical crosslinking copolymerization the various amounts of acrylamide (AAm) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) mixtures was studied by using steady state fluor...