BACKGROUND Studies in India have identified marked variations in overall tobacco use between socio-economic groups. We examined whether associations between socio-economic status (SES) and tobacco use varied across individual Indian states by tobacco type. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of 100,855 households in 24 Indian states and Union Territories conducted in 2009-2010. Outcome measures we...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the socio-economic status (SES) of elderly eastern Mediterranean islanders is associated with their dietary habits, particularly with adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured by the MedDietScore (range: 0-55), whereas SES was estimated using education and financial statu...

BACKGROUND The aim of this article was to examine, whether middle-aged and older adults spontaneously engage in proactive coping to prevent future problems associated with ageing and whether differences in proactive coping were associated with socio-economic status (SES). METHODS As part of the cross-sectional Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice (DNSGP-2, 2001), a representative ...

Socio-economic status (SES) is an important predictor of obesity, but how it is associated with differences in physical activity and sedentary behaviour is less clear. This cross-sectional study examined the association between SES (sum of household assets), physical activity and sedentary time, and how they predict adiposity. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and physical activity data on rur...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to test the moderating influence of two risk factors, maternal depression and socio-economic status (SES), on the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and child obesity. DESIGN Correlational, cross-sectional study. Parenting style was measured with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Maternal depression ...

BACKGROUND Playground injuries are fairly common and can require hospitalization and or surgery. Previous research has suggested that compliance with guidelines or standards can reduce the incidence of such injuries, and that poorer children are at increased risk of playground injuries. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the association between playground injury and school...

BACKGROUND Objective walkability is an important correlate of adults' physical activity. Studies investigating the relation between walkability and children's physical activity are scarce. However, in order to develop effective environmental interventions, a profound investigation of this relation is needed in all age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between obje...

BACKGROUND Healthcare financing through health insurance is gaining traction as developing countries strive to achieve universal health coverage and address the limited access to critical health services for specific populations including pregnant women and their children. However, these reforms are taking place despite limited evaluation of impact of health insurance on maternal health in deve...

SETTING Tuberculosis (TB) infected adults attending out-patient TB clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of anemia with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, indicators of socio-economic status (SES) and anthropometric status in TB-infected adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional data collection during screening for a clinical trial. RESULTS Overall, 7...

BACKGROUND Low socio-economic status (SES) is an established risk factor of suicidal behaviours, but it is unknown to what extent its association is direct, indirect or confounded, given its strong association to mental health. We aimed to (I) estimate the prevalence of suicidal behaviours; (II) describe relevant risk factors; and (III) investigate direct and indirect effects of SES on suicidal...