one of the most important summary measures of population health, is disability adjusted life years (daly), introduced for the first time in the project of global burden of disease (gbd), that is the newest as well as the most accepted and familial summary measure of health and the burden of diseases has been measured by this measure at national and regional levels in many countries of the world...

There are two criteria by which economists measure the outcomes of tax policy: 1. E¢ ciency, which is traditionally the purview of economics, and does not involve ethical and normative judgments. E¢ ciency considers only how resources are allocated 2. Equity, which considers the distribution of resources. We will need to refer to social norms and value judgments to get conclusions based on this...

How do journalists mark quoted content as certain or uncertain, and how do readers interpret these signals? Predicates such as thinks, claims, and admits offer a range of options for framing quoted content according to the author’s own perceptions of its credibility. We gather a new dataset of direct and indirect quotes from Twitter, and obtain annotations of the perceived certainty of the quot...

Human body odors have important communicative functions regarding genetic identity, immune fitness and general health, but an expanding body of research suggests they can also communicate information about an individual's emotional state. In the current study, we tested whether axillary odors obtained from women experiencing psychosocial stress could negatively influence personality judgments o...

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Intuitive processing is critical for effective social and interpersonal interactions. Previous work has found that people are able to form accurate impressions that predict certain ecologically valid outcomes from brief observations or “thin slices” of behavior. This article discusses theoretical and empirical work showing that thin slice judgments are intuitive and efficient. Thin slice judgme...

People are increasingly using social question and answer (Q&A) sites as a source of information. Asking a question on a social Q&A site is a form of social search, as it enables the site’s users to find information by utilizing social resources through interactions with other people. In social Q&A settings, people interact with online content created by other users, and also with unknown people...

How people assess their social environments plays a central role in how they evaluate their life circumstances. Using a large probabilistic national sample, we investigated how accurately people estimate characteristics of the general population. For most characteristics, people seemed to underestimate the quality of others' lives and showed apparent self-enhancement, but for some characteristi...