The two methods of processing synthetic crude from organic marlstone in demonstration or small-scale commercial status in the U.S. are in situ extraction and surface retorting. The considerable uncertainty surrounding the technological characterization, resource characterization, and choice of the system boundary for oil shale operations indicate that oil shale is only a minor net energy produc...

Some models of quantum gravity can predict observable effects on the propagation of light: most notably an energy dependent dispersion, where the speed of light is seen to vary with the energy of the photon. As quantum gravity effects should appear at the Planck scale they will be very small and so require very high energy photons to travel large distances before even becoming noticeable. Preci...

the share of dc-based renewable energy resources (rers) and electricity storage systems are increasing due to developments of smart grid technologies. moreover, the share of dc-based load has rapid growth due to significant developments of power electronic technologies. therefore, a more flexible power system is required for efficient integration of emerging loads and generators. in this paper,...