The basal ganglia are part of a neuronal network organized in parallel circuits. The "motor circuit" is most relevant to the pathophysiology of movement. Abnormal increment or reduction in the inhibitory output activity of basal ganglia give rise, respectively, to poverty and slowness of movement (i.e., Parkinson's disease) or dyskinesias.

After large lesions of the primary motor cortex (M1), voluntary movements of affected body parts are weak and slow. In addition, the relative independence of moving one body part without others is lost; attempts at individuated movements of a given body part are accompanied by excessive, unintended motion of contiguous body parts. The effects of partial inactivation of the M1 hand area are comp...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between physical frailty and risk of disability, and to identify the component(s) of frailty with the most impact on disability in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING A Japanese community. PARTICIPANTS 4341 older adults aged ≥65 living in the community participated in a baseline assessment from 2011 to 2012 and we...

The presence of S waves singularity points in low-symmetry anisotropic models significantly affects the topology slowness surfaces vicinity these and, consequently, results complications geometrical spreading. Thus, we analyse effect a point simple elliptical orthorhombic model with decoupled P wave.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by slowness, rigidity, bradykinesia, repeated falls, downgaze limitation and dementia. Midbrain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging is highly suggestive of PSP and is described as "hummingbird sign". This sign is very helpful in differentiating PSP patients from those with Parkinson's disease.We hereby report a 72-year-old female case of P...

BACKGROUND Recommendations for identifying age-related muscle dysfunction have recently been published. We aimed to compare definitions for clinically relevant weakness and low lean mass proposed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia project with the definition of sarcopenia proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). METH...

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) involves the transmission of laser pulses along a fiber-optic cable. These are backscattered at fiber inhomogeneities and again detected by same interrogator unit that emits pulses. Elastic deformation causes phase shifts in which converted to spatially averaged strain measurements, typically regular intervals. DAS systems provide potential employ array proces...