We demonstrate experimentally that a hybrid single-electron transistor with superconducting leads and a normal-metal island can be refrigerated by an alternating voltage applied to the gate electrode. The simultaneous measurement of the dc current induced by the rf gate through the device at a small bias voltage serves as an in situ thermometer.

The rst stage of information processing in the electrosensory system of weakly electric sh involves the encoding of electrical stimuli into trains of action potentials in primary aaerent nerve bers. Based on experimental data collected in our laboratory, we have developed a linear-nonlinear cascade model that accurately describes this transformation in the brown ghost knife sh. We use both para...

The open-ended, coaxial-line probe technique can be used to obtain estimates of the pennittivities of some solid dielectrics over broad ranges of frequency by measurements on powdered or pulverized samples, but certain limitations must be recognized. Such a probe was used with a network analyzer to estimate the permittivities of coal and limestone from reflection coefficients measured on pulver...

This letter introduces a 3D space-time-space block code for future terrestrial digital TV systems. The code is based on a double layer structure designed for inter-cell and intra-cell transmissions in single frequency networks. Without increasing the complexity of the receiver, the proposed code is very efficient to cope with equal and unequal received powers in single frequency network scenarios.

Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of OH have been performed in an atmospheric stoichiometric CH(4)/air flame and in a highly sooting propane flame. The measurements were realized with a single 6-nsec pulse from a frequency-doubled dye laser pumped by a Nd:YAG laser and with a spatial resolution of ~25 microm. This was achieved by imaging through a suitably chosen filter set a section of t...

In this contribution we present closed form expressions for the volumes of the GPS ambiguity search spaces. This is done for the geometry-free model, the time-averaged model and the geometry-based model. We also discriminate between single-frequency data and dual-frequency data, and between phase-only cases and phase and code cases. Our results provide an intrinsic precision description of the ...

In this letter we propose a novel method to unambiguously estimate the phase-difference of a single-frequency signal measured between a pair of spatially separated sensors. First, we mathematically prove that, in a noiseless system, the phase between a pair of spatially separated sensors with inter-sensor spacing exceeding half wavelength (λ2 ) of the signal of interest, can unambiguously be es...

This paper presents the first DRM+ (Digital Radio Mondiale, Mode E) Single Frequency Network (SFN) in the air. A field trial has been conducted to evaluate the performance in different environments. Due to it’s relatively small bandwidth, flat fading in the overlapping area can become a problem. Different solutions to overcome this problem are evaluated in this paper. Adding different delays to...