Spherical configurations that are very massive must be surrounded by apparent horizons. These in turn, when placed outside a collapsing body, have a fixed area and must propagate outward with a velocity equal to the velocity of radially outgoing photons. That proves, within the framework of the (1+3) formalism and without resorting to the Birkhoff theorem, that apparent horizons coincide with e...

The prices of financial futures contracts can be interpreted as forecasts of the spot rates, which will apply at the final delivery date of that contract. Financial futures contracts have been traded daily since the early 1980s and provide a substantial bank of data to test the forecasting efficiency of such contracts. Tests are carried out to examine whether the interest rates implied by the f...

A bstract We argue that expanding bubbles of nothing are a widespread feature systems black holes with multiple or non-spherical horizons, appearing as limit regions narrowly enclosed by the horizons. The bubble is minimal cycle links Einstein-Rosen bridges in system, and its expansion occurs through familiar stretching space hole interiors. demonstrate this idea (which does not involve any Wic...

In this paper, we consider $(n+1)$-dimensional topological dilaton de Sitter black holes with power-Maxwell field as thermodynamic systems. The quantities corresponding to the hole horizon and cosmological respectively are interrelated. So total entropy of space-time should be sum entropies plus a corrected term which is produced by association two horizons. We analyze entropic force at given t...

Declining forest health has been observed during the past several decades in several areas of the eastern USA, and some of this decline is attributed to acid deposition. Decreases in soil pH and increases in soil acidity are indicators of potential impacts on tree growth due to acid inputs and Al toxicity. The Cherry River watershed, which lies within the Monongahela National Forest in West Vir...