A ring $R$ with an automorphism $sigma$ and a $sigma$-derivation $delta$ is called $delta$-quasi-Baer (resp., $sigma$-invariant quasi-Baer) if the right annihilator of every $delta$-ideal (resp., $sigma$-invariant ideal) of $R$ is generated by an idempotent, as a right ideal. In this paper, we study Baer and quasi-Baer properties of skew PBW extensions. More exactly, let $A=sigma(R)leftlangle x...

Higher order delta-sigma (∆Σ) modulator with one bit quantizer is known as one of the easiest method to gain a high resolution A/D converter without the need of accurately matched components. However, stability of higher order ∆Σ modulator is still a problem during the design and implementation process. Stabilizing higher order modulator requires the proper choice of integrator gains. In this p...

Pulse width modulation and pulse density are deemed to be main techniques, even PDM could not emulate PWM, in terms of, basically, simplicity. bitstream is encoded through sigma-delta modulation. Since modulation, compared needs very high switching frequency more complicated materials compose circuits, it’s difficult design one. In this article we a low-power class-D audio amplifier circuit whe...

Resolution of a multibit delta-sigma modulator (DSM) is limited by its internal digital-to-analog converter (DAC) nonlinearity that is usually caused by circuit mismatch errors while realizing. Recently, some dynamic element matching (DEM) methods were proposed for reducing mismatch errors. Two main difficulties of different dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques relate to instability and co...

Micromachined inertial sensors are often incorporated in closed loop force feedback structures; a particularly advantageous approach is based upon the inclusion of the sensing element in a sigma-delta modulator (Σ∆M) type control structure. The order of the Σ∆M, and hence the noise shaping properties, is usually limited by the dynamics of the mechanical sensing element and may be insufficient f...