The effects of herbivores on landscape patterns and ecosystem processes have generally been inferred only from small-plot or exclosure experiments. However, it is important to directly determine the interactions between herbivores and landscape patterns, because herbivores range over large portions of the landscape to meet requirements for food and shelter. In two valleys on Isle Royale, Michig...

the rangelands, as one of the largest dynamic biomes in the world,have very capabilities. regulation of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere,particularly carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gases, is one of these cases.the attention to rangeland, as cheep and reachable resources to sequestrate thecarbon dioxide, increases after the industrial revolution. rangelands comprise thelarge par...

in this research, air sampling of workplaces was carried out by two methods (long - time and short - time). the mean formaldehyde concentration with long - time method in pathology labs, surgery and endoscopy sections were 0.96 0.25 and 0.13 ppm and with short - time method, 8 hours, was 3, 0.3 and 0.2 ppm. the mean formaldehyde concentration in pathology labs was above the standard values (tlv...

We present an analysis of short-time time-reversal on audio signals. Based on our analysis, we define parameters that can be used to control the digital effect and explain the effect each parameter has on the output. We further study the case of 50% overlap-add, then use this for a real-time implementation. Depending on the window length, the effect can modify the output sound variously, from a...

A prior study of short-time time-reversal showed sideband modulation occurs for short time durations, creating overtones for single sinusoid signals. In this paper, we examine the overtones created by short-time time-reversal and the tonal relation between the overtones and the input signal. We present three methods of using short-time time-reversal for harmonizing audio signals. Then modificat...

Sleep spindles are the most interesting hallmark of stage 2 sleep EEG. Their accurate identification in a polysomnographic signal is essential for sleep professionals to help them mark Stage 2 sleep. Visual spindle scoring however is a tedious workload. In this paper two different approaches are used for the automatic detection of sleep spindles: Short Time Fourier Transform and Automatic Visua...

Soil salinity is one of the important factors which can influence the growth anddistribution of plant species. Saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan Province, Iran withlow-deep underground water level are considered as a halophyte plant species growing area.Attempts have been made to determine soil salinity and its relationship with Frankenia hirsutaL. In order to determine the Electrical ...

Patterns of seed predation, germination, and seedling herbivory were investigated in Panamanian forests. We hypothesized that seed and seedling survival would vary with differences in mammal community composition. We tested this hypothesis at five sites in mainland forests adjacent to Gatun Lake, full terrestrial mammalian granivore/ herbivore communities with top predators; at five sites on Ba...