tables of maximum bending moment, shear force and support rections for simple bridges with span lengths ranging from 2m to 250m are presented.loadings are selected according to the specification given by the highways and transportation ministry of iran. the procedure of using the tables is shown by means of an example.

We present some experimental and numerical results based on a simple model designed to give an estimate for the width of a shear zone. We conclude that the observed finite size of the shear zone can be associated with the propagation of the force lines inside the medium. The model, based on a simple argument on the force distribution and dilatancy, predicts a width of about ten grain diameters.

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is an imaging technique, measuring conductance through a nanometer-sized pipette tip opening that is brought close to a sample surface submerged in electrolyte ­solution. In combination with an integrated shear force distance control, the local ion conductance can be measured independently of and simultaneously with topography. The design of a shear-fo...

The influence of the water layer on the shear force damping is investigated in the case of a perfectly flat mica surface. In ambient conditions it is shown that the damping curve exhibits three particular regimes depending on the tip-sample distance. Moreover, the damping varies significantly over the first hour, pointing out the complexity of the distance control by shear force detection. © 19...

Nowadays, due to the escalation in construction of high-rise structures, the need for selecting a proper resistant structural system against earthquake and wind has increased significantly. These systems should show an optimized use of materials and should be presented as a hard and efficient structure. A good example of a high efficient system in high-rise buildings can be indicated is, the tu...

The Guizhou gastromyzontidae (Beaufortia kweichowensis) can adhere to slippery and fouled surfaces in torrential streams. A unique adhesive system utilized by the fish was observed by microscope and CLSM as an attachment disc sealed by a round belt of micro bubbles. The system is effective in wet or underwater environments and can resist a normal pulling force up to 1000 times the fish's weight...

The human fingertip is exquisitely sensitive to touch. Tactile information sensed by the mechanoreceptors of the fingertip make it possible to deduce information such as the location of contact and the normal forces, shear forces and torques being applied to the skin. Humans use this information to grasp and handle objects with great dexterity. Robotic systems seeking to obtain similar performa...