Considerable mechanistic data indicate there may be a sixth basic taste: fat. However, evidence demonstrating that the sensation of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA, the proposed stimuli for "fat taste") differs qualitatively from other tastes is lacking. Using perceptual mapping, we demonstrate that medium and long-chain NEFA have a taste sensation that is distinct from other basic tastes (swee...

Facial expression changes characteristically with the emotions induced by basic tastes in humans. We tested the hypothesis that the five basic tastes also elicit unique responses in facial skin blood flow. Facial skin blood flow was measured using laser speckle flowgraphy in 16 healthy subjects before and during the application of basic taste stimuli in the oral cavity for 20 s. The skin blood ...

The traditional classification of the four states of consciousness waking stae, dream state, sleep state and transcendence state is combined through quantum states of mind ordinary perception, extra sensory perception and extra-ordinary perception to create a 12 state consciousness perception matrix. The paper elaborates on the concept and nature of the three quantum states of mind, their corre...

In the following review, we discuss the evidence for the role of vision and touch in the perception of texture with the particular aim of evaluating whether these systems contribute information to texture perception in either an independent or integrated manner. Although texture is perceived by both vision and touch, several behavioural and neuroimaging studies have suggested that texture infor...

The problem of category learning has been traditionally investigated by employing disembodied categorization models. One of the basic tenets of embodied cognitive science states that categorization can be interpreted as a process of sensory-motor coordination, in which an embodied agent, while interacting with its environment, can structure its own input space for the purpose of learning about ...

Incoming sensory information is often ambiguous, and the brain has to make decisions during perception. "Predictive coding" proposes that the brain resolves perceptual ambiguity by anticipating the forthcoming sensory environment, generating a template against which to match observed sensory evidence. We observed a neural representation of predicted perception in the medial frontal cortex, whil...

Patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders may have visceral sensory dysfunction so that physiological stimuli induce their symptoms. The clinical significance of altered perception—that is, its relation to clinical symptoms—remains unclear. Data indicate that sensory dysfunction is associated with altered reflex activity. Hence evidence of combined sensory-reflex dysfunction as a comm...

This article reports a variety of sensory and perceptual consequences of eliminating, via a rigid fingertip sheath, the spatially distributed fingertip force information that is normally available during tactile and haptic sensing. Sensory measures included tactile spatial acuity, tactile force, and vibrotactile thresholds. Suprathreshold tasks included perception of roughness, perception of 2-...

Agents acting in the natural world aim at selecting appropriate actions based on noisy and partial sensory observations. Many behaviors leading to decision making and action selection in a closed loop setting are naturally phrased within a control theoretic framework. Within the framework of optimal Control Theory, one is usually given a cost function which is minimized by selecting a control l...