Private social welfare expenditures were $680.7 billion in calendar year 1990. Viewed as a share of gross national product (GNP), private expenditures were 12.3 percent for calendar year 1990, while public expenditures for fiscal year 1990 were 19.1 percent of GNP (table 1). The private social welfare expenditure series was developed by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in 1955, with pro...

Until now, only income factors were considered for empowerment. But in contemporary times, most nonprofit and non-advocacy approaches, such as social capital and its components, have been taken into consideration. The World Bank has identified social capital as one of the pillars of the empowerment process. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of social capital and its...

the united states and russia are two important actors in international system. the geography of their national interests is global and extra-regional; therefore, the quality of their relationship affects the security of international system. it can create security or can cause insecurity in international system. after the disintegration of soviet :union: there has been more interaction between ...

This study reports on 20 years of private social welfare spending, from 1972 through 199 1. The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing the Nation's aggregate social welfare programs; this section assumes a large share of health and medical care expenditures, as well as income-maintenance benefits, the latter in areas of employment-related pensions, group life insu...

Privatisation is not the only force re-sculpting the rights, power and dignity of recipients of welfare in Australia. As predicted by Peter Dwyer’s idea of the ‘conditional welfare state’ for social security (Dwyer 1998, 2004, 2008), Australian social security payments are becoming more conditional, restricting individual choice (Carney 2011), whereas welfare services are expanding consumer cho...

This study investigates the relationship between the welfare state and poverty with multiple measures of the welfare state and poverty in an unbalanced panel of 18 Western nations from 1967 to 1997. While addressing the limitations of past research, the analysis shows that social security transfers and public health spending significantly reduce poverty. Less robust evidence exists that social ...