Genetic engineering of plants has turned out to be an attractive approach produce various secondary metabolites. Here, we attempted kynurenine, a health-promoting metabolite, in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens with the gene, coding for human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), enzyme responsible kynurenine production because tryptophan degradation. The pre...

Protective immunity against tuberculosis (TB) requires the integrated response of a network of lymphocytes. Both gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin 17 (IL-17)-secreting CD4(+) T cells have been identified in subjects with latent TB infection and during experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the contribution of Th17 cells to protective immunity is unclear. To examine their...

The construction of optimized biological fuel cells requires a cathode which combines the longevity microbial catalyst with current density an enzymatic catalyst. Laccase-secreting fungi were grown directly on cell to facilitate exchange inactive enzymes active enzymes, goal extending lifetime laccase cathodes. Directly incorporating laccase-producing fungus at extends operational cathodes whil...

We examined the presence of small molecular mass GTP-binding proteins of the Rab3 family in different insulin-secreting cells. Rab3B and Rab3C were identified by western blotting in rat and in human pancreatic islets, in two rat insulin-secreting cell lines, RINm5F and INS-1, as well as in the hamster cell line HIT-T15. In contrast, Rab3A was detected in rat pancreatic islets as well as in the ...

Studies on the structural basis of antibody affinity maturation have been carried out by measuring the affinity of secreted antibodies, and information on structures has often been obtained from nucleotide sequences of BCRs of memory B cells. We considered it important to establish whether the repertoire of secreted antibodies from plasma cells is really in accord with that of BCRs on memory B ...

Long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells are essential to establish humoral memory against pathogens. While a regulatory transcription factor network has been established in cell differentiation, the role of miRNAs remains enigmatic. We have recently identified miR-148a as most abundant miRNA primary mouse and human cells. To determine whether this signature controls vivo development B into l...

Lymphocytes obtained after enzymatic digestion of intestinal biopsies from patients with coeliac disease were examined for the presence of gliadin specific antibody secreting cells by means of the ELISPOT technique. This technique permits enumeration of gliadin antibody secreting immunocytes, differentiated with regard to immunoglobulin class. Patients with coeliac disease were found to have hi...

Many vaccination strategies and immune cell therapies aim at increasing the numbers of memory T cells reactive to protective antigens. However, the differentiation lineage and therefore the optimal generation conditions of CD4 memory cells remain controversial. Linear and divergent differentiation models have been proposed, suggesting CD4 memory T cell development from naive precursors either w...