Both the Green-Schwarz and Siegel strings are presented in canonical form. Both systems are shown to describe the same number of physical degrees of freedom. The apparent extra symmetries of the Siegel string are not true symmetries but are combinations of second-class constraints. A formal quantization procedure is outlined and the problems of quantization are discussed.

Both the Green-Schwarz and Siegel strings are presented in canonical form. Both systems are shown to describe the same number of physical degrees of freedom. The apparent extra symmetries of the Siegel string are not true symmetries but are combinations of second-class constraints. A formal quantization procedure is outlined and the problems of quantization are discussed.

The religion of Islam is based on a sacred text called Qur’an, a divine speech expressed in Arabic language. Qur’an constitutes the main root of Islam jurisprudence which has a second source of inspiration known as Hadiths. As the Muslim’s life is governed by those holy texts, need of their authenticity is required. Using VSM (Vector Space Model), we can represent Hadiths as a vector of words. ...

We perform a canonical quantization of gravity in a second-order formulation, taking as configuration variables those describing a 4-bein, not adapted to the space-time splitting. We outline how, neither if we fix the Lorentz frame before quantizing, nor if we perform no gauge fixing at all, is invariance under boost transformations affected by the quantization.

We prove that non-coisotropic branes in the Poisson-Sigma model are allowed at the quantum level. When the brane is defined by second-class constraints, the perturbative quantization of the model yields Kontsevich’s star product associated to the Dirac bracket on the brane. Finally, we present the quantization for a general brane.

In this paper, personalized quantization of the filter coefficients of Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) is studied. The study covers two aspects. On the one hand, a signal-adaptive algorithm which determines when to transmit a set of LPC coefficients is introduced. This algorithm allows a reduction of about 35% of the bit rate needed to code the LPC coefficients in speech storage applications – e...

In this article, the second quantization method has been used to investigate some thermodynamic properties of spin-polarized metallic nanowire in the presence of magnetic field at zero temperature. We have been observed that in different magnetic field, the equilibrium energy of system increases as the density increases. The spin-polarization parameter corresponding to the equilibrium state of ...

A novel digital compensation scheme is demonstrated to control the gain of the modulation chain and suppress the influence of quantization error on bias. The error produced by the quantization multiplied by the scaling factor is theoretically analyzed. Simulations indicate that the quantization error varies with the input angular velocity and temperature, which is verified by experiments. By sw...

This paper presents an efficient authentication method for JPEG images based on Genetic Algorithms (GA). The current authentication methods for JPEG images require the receivers to know the quantization table beforehand in order to authenticate the images. Moreover, the quantization tables used in the JPEG compression are different for different quality factors, thus increasing the burden on th...

Usually the only difference between relativistic quantization and standard one is that the Lagrangian of the system under consideration should be Lorentz invariant. The standard approaches are logically incomplete and produce solutions with unpleasant properties: negative-energy, superluminal propagation etc. We propose a two-projections scheme of (special) relativistic quantization. The first ...