To fight, flee or hide are the imperatives of long-term survival by an infectious microbe. Active immune suppression, induction of immune tolerance, phase and antigenic variation, intracellular seclusion, and incursion into immune privileged sites are examples of survival strategies of persistent pathogens. Here we critically review the supporting evidence for possible stratagems utilized by Bo...

summaries As each paper arrived, one author (K.R.) made a summary from the abstract. This aided the process of dividing the papers into the relevant subject groups within the guidelines. These were: acute drug treatment practices of control and restraint, and seclusion environmental factors staff training in the contexts of management of aggressive behaviour, control and restraint, and behaviou...

The national initiative to decrease the use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric inpatient settings requires innovative methods to facilitate the processes of consumer self-organization, self-care, and positive change. Sensory-based approaches and multisensory rooms are valuable resources as cultures of care shift to become more responsive and collaborative. This article explores the impor...

Purpose This paper aims to explore the roles of psychologists in seclusion adult mental health services Ireland, their perspectives on and its use recovery-oriented practice related professional issues. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted from a social constructivist perspective. Semi-structured interviews with 17 were analysed using reflex...

S156 has been withdrawn because it was submitted forpublication in error without the consent of all the authors. S157The use of seclusion and restraint during15 years – a nationwide study in FinlandAlice Keski-Valkama, Eila Sailas, Markku Eronen,Jouko Lönnqvist and Riittakerttu Kaltiala-HeinoVanha Vaasa Hospital, P.O.Box 13, 65380 Vaasa, Finland BMC Psychiatry 2007, 7(Su...