The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of muscular strength in upper limb and to present the preliminary information for development of sports injury prevention program and exercise rehabilitation program in wheelchair tennis players. Participants were 12 male wheelchair tennis players. Muscular strength was measured in shoulder and elbow joints with isokinetic dynamomete...

The authors report the first modification of ionic liquids with metal carbamates. A selection of homoleptic N,N-dialkylcarbamates of group 4 and 5 metals, M(O2CNR2)n, were dissolved in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids, i.e. [bmim][Tf2N] and [P(oct)4][Tf2N], at 293 K. The resulting solutions were characterized by means of IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy, and the data were compar...

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, three-variable central composite design (CCD) was employed for modeling and optimizing the conversion yield of the enzymatic acylation of hesperidin with decanoic acid using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a two-phase system containing [bmim]BF(4). The three variables studied (molar ratio of hesperidin to decanoic acid,...

CdSe nanospheres and dendrites have been successfully synthesized via an ionic liquid-assisted hydrothermal synthetic method. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Our experimental results demonstrate that the CdSe dendrites are obt...

Direct dehydration of fructose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) was studied using ionic liquids (ILs) without adding any catalysts. Various ILs were screened, and the highest 5-HMF yield of 95.6% was obtained using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate ([BMIM][TSO]) at 353 K for 30 min. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) spectra confirmed that the sulfonate hydrolysates of an...

A simple, novel, efficient and three-component procedure for the synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives by the reaction of 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil, aldehyde and 2-benzylisothiourea hydrochloride promoted by ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIm]Br) under solvent-free conditions is reported. The presented method is benefited from operational simplicity...

Vegetable oils and fatty acid esters are suitable precursor molecules for the production of a variety of bio-based products and materials, such as paints and coatings, plastics, soaps, lubricants, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, printing inks, surfactants, and biofuels. Here, we report the possibility of using Lewis acidic ionic liquids (ILs) to obtain polyunsaturated ester dimerization-oligomeriza...

Precise dielectric spectra have been determined at 25 degrees C over the exceptionally broad frequency range of 0.1 <or= nu/GHz <or= 3000 for the imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) [bmim][BF4], [bmim][PF6], [bmim][DCA], and [hmim][BF4]. The spectra are dominated by a low-frequency process at approximately 1 GHz with a broad relaxation time distribution of the Cole-Davidson...

The luminescence of a Eu complex (EuL) is enhanced by stabilization of the coordination structure in highly viscous ionic liquids. The EuL was found to maintain a stable single helical structure both in organic solvents and in the ionic liquids [BMIM][PF₆] and [EMIM][PF₆]. A colorless solution of EuL dissolved in [BMIM][PF₆] exhibits bright red luminescence with a quantum yield of 32.3%, a valu...

The structural organization in mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF(4)])/water or methanol was studied by infrared spectroscopy. No drastic change in the concentration dependence of the alkyl C-H band frequency was observed at high concentration of the ionic liquid. This behavior indicates a clustering of the ionic liquid in alkyl regions. Nevertheless, the prese...